Learning is a best medicine in life

Definition:   Cerebral Palsy is a disorder that affects muscle tone, movement and motor skills (the ability to move in a coordinated and purposeful way) Types of Cerebral Palsy: Spastic Cerebral Palsy - causes stiffness and movement difficulties. Athetoid Cerebral Palsy- leads to involuntary and uncontrolled movements Ataxic Cerebral Palsy- disturbed sense of balance and depth perception Causes: Exact cause is unknown, but believed that Cerebral Palsy can be caused by  Problems occuring during🤰 pregnancy such as Infections, Maternal health problems, Genetic disorder, Something that interfered with normal 🧠 brain development Premature👶 babies - higher risk of cerebral palsy than babies 👶carried full term Bacterial meningitis Lead 🤮poisoning Trauma Birth asphyxia Bacterial Meningitis  Birth Asphyxia Signs and symptoms: Extreme irritability and crying Feeding 🤱difficulties Stiffness and rigid arms or legs Delayed developmental milestones Abnormal posturing Persist...

TYPES  OF  HERNIA   Inguinal Hernia:  It is the most common hernia seen in infants and children. It occurs in the groin region. It may be unilateral or bilateral, more frequent in boys (90%) than girls (10%). It is more common in premature than term infants. Pathophysiology: As the male foetus grows and matures during pregnancy, the testicles develop in the abdomen and then move down into the scrotum, through an area called the inguinal canal. Shortly after the baby 👶 is born, the inguinal canal closes, preventing the testicles from moving back into the abdomen. If the closure does not occur completely, a loop of intestine can move into the inguinal canal, through the weakened area of the lower abdominal wall, causing a hernia. Although girls do not have testicles, they do have inguinal canal, so they can develop hernias in this area as well. This hernia may be reducible or irreducible. If the hernia is reducible, the contents of the hernia sac can be replaced into ...

  Definition :     Bowel obstruction (or intestinal obstruction) is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines, preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion. It can occur at any level distal to the duodenum of the small intestine and is a medical emergency. Incidence and Etiology:   Intestinal obstruction occurs in about 1 in 1500 live births. Congenital obstructive lesions of the intestines can be viewed as intrinsic (atresia, stenosis, meconium ileus , aganglionic megacolon) or extrinsic (malrotation, constricting bands, intra-abdominal hernias). Small Bowel Obstruction: Causes of small bowel obstruction include the following: Adhesions from previous surgery Hernias containing bowel Crohn's Disease Neoplasms Intussusception Volvulus Ischemic Strictures Foreign Bodies Intestinal Atresia Large Bowel Obstruction: Causes of large bowel obstruction include the following: Neoplasms Hernias Inflammatory bowel disease Colonic volvulus Adhesions ...

  Reflexes of Eye 👁️: 1. Blinking : Infant blink at sudden appearance of bright light or approach of any object towards eye 👁️. Age of Appearance : Birth Age of Disappearance : Does not disappear 2. Pupillary Reaction: Pupil 👀constricts when bright light falls on it. Age of Appearance : Birth Age of Disappearance : Does not disappear 3. Doll's 👁️Eye: As head is moved to right or left, eyes 👀 lag behind and do not immediately adjust to new position. Age of Appearance : Birth  Age of Disappearance : 3-4 months Reflexes of Nose👃:  1. Sneeze 🤧 : Spontaneous response of nasal 👃 passage to any irritant. Age of Appearance : Birth Age of Disappearance : Does not disappear 2. Glabellar : Tapping briskly on bridge of 👃 nose (Glabella) causes eyes to close tightly. Age of Appearance: Birth  Age of Disappearance : Does not disappear  Reflexes of 👄 Mouth:  1. Rooting : The infant turns his head towards any object that touches his cheek 😊and actively seeks t...

  Definition:   Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain 🧠 injury.         Increased ICP can reduce circulation to the brain  🧠, impede the absorption of CSF, affect the functioning of the nerve cells and lead to brainstem compression and death. Cause:  Many conditions can increase Intracranial pressure. They are, Aneurysm rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage Brain 🧠 tumour Encephalitis Head injury Hydrocephalus Hypertensive brain haemorrhage Interventricular hemorrhage Meningitis Subdural hematoma Status epilepticus Stroke Signs and Symptoms: Behavioural changes Decreased consciousness Headache💊😭 Lethargy Elevated 🌡️ temperature  Seizures Pupil changes Neurological symptoms including weakness, numbness, eye 👁️movement problems and double vision Vomiting Rise in the blood pressure with wide pulse pressure Slowing of 🫀 pulse Diagnostic Test: History and physical ...

  Definition:     Meniere's Disease is an inner ear disorder that affects balance and hearing. Causes:     Exact cause is unknown, but believed that the disease is related to an excess of fluid in the inner ear. Risk factors include: Head injury Middle or inner ear infection Family history Respiratory infection Smoking and alcohol use Certain medicines Signs and symptoms:     Four main symptoms include  Pressure in the ear (fullness in the ear) Drop in hearing Vertigo Ringing or roaring in the affected ear (Tinnitus) Other symptoms include; Nausea and vomiting Headaches Nystagmus Diarrhea Abdominal discomfort Diagnosis: Medical history and physical examination of the ear Audiometry- to assess problems in hearing Electronystagmography - Abnormal results can be a sign of Meniere's Disease Neurological examination and MRI head - to rule out other causes of the symptoms  Management:         There is no cure for Meniere's disea...